{
 "version": "2026-10-18",
 "title": "Balford materials catalogue",
 "description": "Every grade Balford works with by deep drawing, progressive stamping, precision stamping, sheet forming, machining or welding. Grades outside our process window are deliberately excluded.",
 "data_note": "Chemistry and mechanical values are standard minimums or typical ranges. Cold work, temper and heat treatment move them; the mill certificate for the delivered lot governs. Empty fields mean we have not confirmed a value and do not publish an estimate.",
 "process_codes": {
  "DD": "Deep drawing",
  "PS": "Progressive die stamping",
  "PR": "Precision stamping / fine blanking",
  "MC": "Machining",
  "TB": "Tube bending",
  "WD": "Welding and brazing"
 },
 "families": [
  {
   "id": "stainless",
   "name": "Stainless steel",
   "page": "/materials/stainless-steel/",
   "density_g_cm3": "7.9",
   "magnetism": "Austenitic grades non-magnetic when annealed; 430/409 magnetic"
  },
  {
   "id": "carbon",
   "name": "Carbon steel",
   "page": "/materials/carbon-steel/",
   "density_g_cm3": "7.85",
   "magnetism": "Ferromagnetic"
  },
  {
   "id": "aluminum",
   "name": "Aluminium",
   "page": "/materials/aluminum/",
   "density_g_cm3": "2.70",
   "magnetism": "Non-magnetic"
  },
  {
   "id": "brass",
   "name": "Brass",
   "page": "/materials/brass/",
   "density_g_cm3": "8.5",
   "magnetism": "Non-magnetic"
  },
  {
   "id": "copper",
   "name": "Copper",
   "page": "/materials/copper/",
   "density_g_cm3": "8.96",
   "magnetism": "Non-magnetic"
  },
  {
   "id": "special",
   "name": "Special alloys",
   "page": "/materials/special-alloys/",
   "density_g_cm3": "8.4–8.9 (Ni alloys); 4.5 (Ti)",
   "magnetism": "Varies by alloy"
  }
 ],
 "grades": [
  {
   "family": "stainless",
   "grade": "201",
   "standards": {
    "en": "",
    "uns": "S20100",
    "jis": "SUS201",
    "gb": "12Cr17Mn6Ni5N"
   },
   "form": "Cold rolled coil",
   "process_fit": [
    "DD",
    "PS",
    "PR",
    "WD"
   ],
   "chemistry": {
    "C": "≤0.15",
    "Mn": "5.5–7.5",
    "Cr": "16.0–18.0",
    "Ni": "3.5–5.5"
   },
   "mechanical": {
    "Rm": "≥655 MPa",
    "Rp0.2": "≥260 MPa",
    "A80": "≥40%"
   },
   "typical_parts": "Cost-driven housings, appliance parts",
   "limits": "Lower corrosion resistance than 304; becomes magnetic after cold work",
   "page": "/materials/stainless-steel/"
  },
  {
   "family": "stainless",
   "grade": "304",
   "standards": {
    "en": "1.4301",
    "uns": "S30400",
    "jis": "SUS304",
    "gb": "06Cr19Ni10"
   },
   "form": "Cold rolled coil",
   "process_fit": [
    "DD",
    "PS",
    "PR",
    "WD"
   ],
   "chemistry": {
    "C": "≤0.08",
    "Cr": "18.0–20.0",
    "Ni": "8.0–10.5"
   },
   "mechanical": {
    "Rm": "≥515 MPa",
    "Rp0.2": "≥205 MPa",
    "A80": "≥40%"
   },
   "typical_parts": "Sensor housings, covers, general corrosion duty",
   "limits": "Pitting in chloride service; weakly magnetic after heavy cold work",
   "page": "/materials/stainless-steel/",
   "cases": [
    {
     "slug": "fittings-for-cooling-water",
     "name": "Fittings for cooling water",
     "raw": "Stainless steel 304"
    },
    {
     "slug": "end-cap-for-square-tubing",
     "name": "end cap for square tubing ",
     "raw": "Stainless steel 304"
    },
    {
     "slug": "tightly-wound-stainless-steel-helical-coil-with-tube-ends",
     "name": "Tightly Wound Stainless Steel Helical Coil with Tube Ends",
     "raw": "Stainless steel 304"
    },
    {
     "slug": "stainless-steel-coiled-tube-helical-coils-to-drawing",
     "name": "Stainless Steel Coiled Tube — Helical Coils to Drawing",
     "raw": "Stainless steel 304"
    },
    {
     "slug": "hex-nut-for-sensor",
     "name": "Hex Nut for Sensor",
     "raw": "Stainless steel 304"
    },
    {
     "slug": "connecting-pipe-for-exhaust-gas-temperature-sensor-harness",
     "name": "Connecting Pipe for Exhaust Gas Temperature Sensor Harness",
     "raw": "304 stainless steel"
    },
    {
     "slug": "deep-drawn-magnetic-isolation-sleeve",
     "name": "Deep-drawn Magnetic Isolation Sleeve",
     "raw": "stainless steel"
    },
    {
     "slug": "metal-cap-for-methanol-injection-solenoid-valve",
     "name": "Metal Cap for Methanol Injection Solenoid Valve",
     "raw": "304 stainless steel"
    },
    {
     "slug": "precision-stamped-stainless-steel-nut-washer",
     "name": "Precision Stamped Stainless Steel Nut Washer",
     "raw": "304 stainless steel"
    },
    {
     "slug": "sprocket-and-pinon-shaft-nut-lock-plate",
     "name": "Sprocket and Pinon Shaft Nut Lock Plate",
     "raw": "304 stainless steel"
    },
    {
     "slug": "stainless-steel-housing-for-abs-wheel-speed-sensor",
     "name": "Stainless Steel Housing for ABS Wheel Speed Sensor",
     "raw": "316L stainless steel"
    },
    {
     "slug": "stainless-steel-sleeve-for-solenoid-valve",
     "name": "Stainless Steel Sleeve for Solenoid Valve",
     "raw": "304 stainless steel"
    },
    {
     "slug": "pump-motor-rotor-sleeve",
     "name": "Pump Motor Rotor Sleeve",
     "raw": "stainless steel"
    },
    {
     "slug": "brake-solenoid-magnetic-shield",
     "name": "Brake Solenoid Magnetic Shield",
     "raw": "316L stainless steel"
    },
    {
     "slug": "fuel-injector-outer-sleeve",
     "name": "Fuel Injector Outer Sleeve",
     "raw": "304 stainless steel"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "family": "stainless",
   "grade": "304L",
   "standards": {
    "en": "1.4307",
    "uns": "S30403",
    "jis": "SUS304L",
    "gb": "022Cr19Ni10"
   },
   "form": "Cold rolled coil",
   "process_fit": [
    "DD",
    "PS",
    "PR",
    "WD"
   ],
   "chemistry": {
    "C": "≤0.03",
    "Cr": "18.0–20.0",
    "Ni": "8.0–12.0"
   },
   "mechanical": {
    "Rm": "≥485 MPa",
    "Rp0.2": "≥170 MPa",
    "A80": "≥40%"
   },
   "typical_parts": "Welded housings, deeper draw sequences",
   "limits": "Lower strength than 304; use where welding or multi-stage drawing risks sensitisation",
   "page": "/materials/stainless-steel/"
  },
  {
   "family": "stainless",
   "grade": "305",
   "standards": {
    "en": "1.4303",
    "uns": "S30500",
    "jis": "SUS305",
    "gb": ""
   },
   "form": "Cold rolled coil",
   "process_fit": [
    "DD",
    "PS",
    "PR"
   ],
   "chemistry": {
    "C": "≤0.12",
    "Cr": "17.0–19.0",
    "Ni": "10.5–13.0"
   },
   "mechanical": {
    "Rm": "≥485 MPa",
    "Rp0.2": "≥180 MPa",
    "A80": "≥40%"
   },
   "typical_parts": "Deep draws where magnetism must stay low",
   "limits": "Higher nickel cost; lower strength than 304",
   "page": "/materials/stainless-steel/"
  },
  {
   "family": "stainless",
   "grade": "316",
   "standards": {
    "en": "1.4401",
    "uns": "S31600",
    "jis": "SUS316",
    "gb": "06Cr17Ni12Mo2"
   },
   "form": "Cold rolled coil",
   "process_fit": [
    "DD",
    "PS",
    "PR",
    "WD"
   ],
   "chemistry": {
    "C": "≤0.08",
    "Cr": "16.0–18.0",
    "Ni": "10.0–14.0",
    "Mo": "2.0–3.0"
   },
   "mechanical": {
    "Rm": "≥515 MPa",
    "Rp0.2": "≥205 MPa",
    "A80": "≥40%"
   },
   "typical_parts": "Chloride and coolant service",
   "limits": "More expensive than 304; sensitisation risk if welded in the 0.08% C condition",
   "page": "/materials/stainless-steel/"
  },
  {
   "family": "stainless",
   "grade": "316L",
   "standards": {
    "en": "1.4404",
    "uns": "S31603",
    "jis": "SUS316L",
    "gb": "022Cr17Ni12Mo2"
   },
   "form": "Cold rolled coil",
   "process_fit": [
    "DD",
    "PS",
    "PR",
    "WD"
   ],
   "chemistry": {
    "C": "≤0.03",
    "Cr": "16.0–18.0",
    "Ni": "10.0–14.0",
    "Mo": "2.0–3.0"
   },
   "mechanical": {
    "Rm": "≥485 MPa",
    "Rp0.2": "≥170 MPa",
    "A80": "≥40%"
   },
   "typical_parts": "Road salt, coolant, welded assemblies",
   "limits": "Lower strength than 316; the default when pitting, not strength, is the driver",
   "page": "/materials/stainless-steel/",
   "cases": [
    {
     "slug": "stainless-steel-housing-for-abs-wheel-speed-sensor",
     "name": "Stainless Steel Housing for ABS Wheel Speed Sensor",
     "raw": "316L stainless steel"
    },
    {
     "slug": "brake-solenoid-magnetic-shield",
     "name": "Brake Solenoid Magnetic Shield",
     "raw": "316L stainless steel"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "family": "stainless",
   "grade": "430",
   "standards": {
    "en": "1.4016",
    "uns": "S43000",
    "jis": "SUS430",
    "gb": "10Cr17"
   },
   "form": "Cold rolled coil",
   "process_fit": [
    "PS",
    "PR",
    "WD"
   ],
   "chemistry": {
    "C": "≤0.12",
    "Cr": "16.0–18.0"
   },
   "mechanical": {
    "Rm": "≥450 MPa",
    "Rp0.2": "≥205 MPa",
    "A80": "≥22%"
   },
   "typical_parts": "Magnetic parts, heat shields, sensor fittings",
   "limits": "Lower formability than 300-series; not for deep draws; magnetic",
   "page": "/materials/stainless-steel/"
  },
  {
   "family": "stainless",
   "grade": "409",
   "standards": {
    "en": "1.4512",
    "uns": "S40900",
    "jis": "SUS409",
    "gb": "022Cr11Ti"
   },
   "form": "Cold rolled coil",
   "process_fit": [
    "PS",
    "PR",
    "WD"
   ],
   "chemistry": {
    "C": "≤0.08",
    "Cr": "10.5–11.75",
    "Ti": "6×C min"
   },
   "mechanical": {
    "Rm": "≥380 MPa",
    "Rp0.2": "≥170 MPa",
    "A80": "≥20%"
   },
   "typical_parts": "Exhaust-side shields and brackets",
   "limits": "Lower corrosion resistance than 304; magnetic",
   "page": "/materials/stainless-steel/"
  },
  {
   "family": "stainless",
   "grade": "310S",
   "standards": {
    "en": "1.4845",
    "uns": "S31008",
    "jis": "SUS310S",
    "gb": "06Cr25Ni20"
   },
   "form": "Cold rolled coil",
   "process_fit": [
    "PS",
    "PR",
    "WD"
   ],
   "chemistry": {
    "C": "≤0.08",
    "Cr": "24.0–26.0",
    "Ni": "19.0–22.0"
   },
   "mechanical": {
    "Rm": "≥515 MPa",
    "Rp0.2": "≥205 MPa",
    "A80": "≥40%"
   },
   "typical_parts": "Exhaust-side sensors, EGT and NOx parts",
   "limits": "High nickel cost; lower drawability than 304",
   "page": "/materials/stainless-steel/"
  },
  {
   "family": "carbon",
   "grade": "DC01",
   "standards": {
    "en": "1.0330",
    "uns": "AISI 1008 equivalent",
    "jis": "SPCC",
    "gb": "08F / Q195"
   },
   "form": "Cold rolled coil",
   "process_fit": [
    "DD",
    "PS",
    "PR",
    "WD"
   ],
   "chemistry": {
    "C": "≤0.12",
    "Mn": "≤0.60",
    "P": "≤0.045",
    "S": "≤0.045"
   },
   "mechanical": {
    "Rm": "270–410 MPa",
    "Re": "≤280 MPa",
    "A80": "≥28%"
   },
   "typical_parts": "Shallow forming, brackets, general presswork",
   "limits": "Not a drawing grade; will thin and tear on a deep cup",
   "page": "/materials/carbon-steel/",
   "cases": [
    {
     "slug": "bin-organizers-storage-bin-rack-organizer",
     "name": "Bin Organizers | Storage Bin Rack & Organizer",
     "raw": "Mild steel (DC01/DC04)"
    },
    {
     "slug": "precision-deep-drawn-wiper-motor-housing",
     "name": "Precision Deep-Drawn Wiper Motor Housing",
     "raw": "Mild steel (DC01/DC04)"
    },
    {
     "slug": "metal-bushings-for-anti-vibration-bush",
     "name": "Metal Bushings for Anti Vibration Bush",
     "raw": "DC01 cold-rolled steel"
    },
    {
     "slug": "metal-end-cap-for-dc-motor",
     "name": "Metal End Cap for DC Motor",
     "raw": "Mild steel (DC01/DC04)"
    },
    {
     "slug": "metal-ring-for-rubber-bonded-metal-collar",
     "name": "Metal Ring for Rubber Bonded Metal Collar",
     "raw": "DC01 cold-rolled steel"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "family": "carbon",
   "grade": "DC03",
   "standards": {
    "en": "1.0347",
    "uns": "",
    "jis": "SPCD",
    "gb": "08Al"
   },
   "form": "Cold rolled coil",
   "process_fit": [
    "DD",
    "PS",
    "PR",
    "WD"
   ],
   "chemistry": {
    "C": "≤0.10",
    "Mn": "≤0.45"
   },
   "mechanical": {
    "Rm": "270–380 MPa",
    "Re": "≤240 MPa",
    "A80": "≥34%"
   },
   "typical_parts": "Moderate draws, covers",
   "limits": "Step up when the first draw starts to tear",
   "page": "/materials/carbon-steel/"
  },
  {
   "family": "carbon",
   "grade": "DC04",
   "standards": {
    "en": "1.0338",
    "uns": "",
    "jis": "SPCE",
    "gb": "08Al"
   },
   "form": "Cold rolled coil",
   "process_fit": [
    "DD",
    "PS",
    "PR",
    "WD"
   ],
   "chemistry": {
    "C": "≤0.08",
    "Mn": "≤0.40"
   },
   "mechanical": {
    "Rm": "270–350 MPa",
    "Re": "≤210 MPa",
    "A80": "≥38%"
   },
   "typical_parts": "Deep-drawn housings and sleeves",
   "limits": "The workhorse; move to DC05 only when the draw ratio demands it",
   "page": "/materials/carbon-steel/",
   "cases": [
    {
     "slug": "bin-organizers-storage-bin-rack-organizer",
     "name": "Bin Organizers | Storage Bin Rack & Organizer",
     "raw": "Mild steel (DC01/DC04)"
    },
    {
     "slug": "precision-deep-drawn-wiper-motor-housing",
     "name": "Precision Deep-Drawn Wiper Motor Housing",
     "raw": "Mild steel (DC01/DC04)"
    },
    {
     "slug": "equipment-sheet-metal-welding-frame",
     "name": "Equipment Sheet Metal Welding Frame",
     "raw": "Carbon steel"
    },
    {
     "slug": "carbon-steel-slotted-ferrules",
     "name": "Carbon Steel Slotted Ferrules",
     "raw": "carbon steel"
    },
    {
     "slug": "coil-housing-for-esc-abs-megnet-solenoid",
     "name": "Coil Housing for ESC/ABS Megnet Solenoid",
     "raw": "DC04 cold-rolled steel"
    },
    {
     "slug": "metal-bushings-for-anti-vibration-bush",
     "name": "Metal Bushings for Anti Vibration Bush",
     "raw": "DC01 cold-rolled steel"
    },
    {
     "slug": "metal-end-cap-for-dc-motor",
     "name": "Metal End Cap for DC Motor",
     "raw": "Mild steel (DC01/DC04)"
    },
    {
     "slug": "metal-ring-for-rubber-bonded-metal-collar",
     "name": "Metal Ring for Rubber Bonded Metal Collar",
     "raw": "DC01 cold-rolled steel"
    },
    {
     "slug": "metal-washer-for-esc-abs-megnet-solenoid",
     "name": "Metal Washer for ESC/ABS Megnet Solenoid",
     "raw": "cold-rolled steel"
    },
    {
     "slug": "mild-steel-solenoid-valve-deep-drawn-housing",
     "name": "Mild Steel Solenoid Valve Deep Drawn Housing",
     "raw": "DC04 mild steel"
    },
    {
     "slug": "spring-cup-for-valve-spring-holder",
     "name": "Spring Cup for Valve Spring Holder",
     "raw": "carbon steel"
    },
    {
     "slug": "automatic-transmission-solenoid-valve-housing",
     "name": "Automatic Transmission Solenoid Valve Housing",
     "raw": "carbon steel"
    },
    {
     "slug": "hydraulic-spring-seat",
     "name": "Hydraulic Spring Seat",
     "raw": "carbon steel"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "family": "carbon",
   "grade": "DC05",
   "standards": {
    "en": "1.0312",
    "uns": "",
    "jis": "",
    "gb": ""
   },
   "form": "Cold rolled coil",
   "process_fit": [
    "DD",
    "PS",
    "PR",
    "WD"
   ],
   "chemistry": {
    "C": "≤0.06",
    "Mn": "≤0.30"
   },
   "mechanical": {
    "Rm": "270–330 MPa",
    "Re": "≤190 MPa",
    "A80": "≥40%"
   },
   "typical_parts": "Very deep draws, multi-stage",
   "limits": "Premium cost; confirm availability before quoting",
   "page": "/materials/carbon-steel/"
  },
  {
   "family": "carbon",
   "grade": "DC06",
   "standards": {
    "en": "1.0873",
    "uns": "",
    "jis": "",
    "gb": ""
   },
   "form": "Cold rolled coil",
   "process_fit": [
    "DD",
    "PS",
    "PR"
   ],
   "chemistry": {
    "C": "≤0.02"
   },
   "mechanical": {},
   "typical_parts": "Deepest draws where the grade allows",
   "limits": "Limited supply; not suitable for structural parts",
   "page": "/materials/carbon-steel/"
  },
  {
   "family": "carbon",
   "grade": "SPHC",
   "standards": {
    "en": "",
    "uns": "",
    "jis": "SPHC",
    "gb": "Q195 equivalent"
   },
   "form": "Hot rolled coil",
   "process_fit": [
    "PS",
    "PR"
   ],
   "chemistry": {
    "C": "≤0.15"
   },
   "mechanical": {
    "Rm": "270–410 MPa",
    "A80": "≥27%"
   },
   "typical_parts": "Structural brackets, thicker sections",
   "limits": "Scale and thickness tolerance limit deep drawing",
   "page": "/materials/carbon-steel/",
   "cases": [
    {
     "slug": "metal-housing-for-hydraulic-cartridge-valve",
     "name": "Metal Housing for Hydraulic Cartridge Valve",
     "raw": "sphc/sphe"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "family": "carbon",
   "grade": "SPHD",
   "standards": {
    "en": "",
    "uns": "",
    "jis": "SPHD",
    "gb": ""
   },
   "form": "Hot rolled coil",
   "process_fit": [
    "PS",
    "PR"
   ],
   "chemistry": {
    "C": "≤0.10"
   },
   "mechanical": {
    "Rm": "270–400 MPa",
    "A80": "≥30%"
   },
   "typical_parts": "Drawing-quality hot rolled parts",
   "limits": "Limited deep-draw capability versus cold rolled",
   "page": "/materials/carbon-steel/"
  },
  {
   "family": "carbon",
   "grade": "SPHE",
   "standards": {
    "en": "",
    "uns": "",
    "jis": "SPHE",
    "gb": ""
   },
   "form": "Hot rolled coil",
   "process_fit": [
    "PS",
    "PR"
   ],
   "chemistry": {
    "C": "≤0.08"
   },
   "mechanical": {
    "Rm": "270–380 MPa",
    "A80": "≥32%"
   },
   "typical_parts": "Deep-drawing hot rolled parts",
   "limits": "Still below DC04/DC05 drawability",
   "page": "/materials/carbon-steel/",
   "cases": [
    {
     "slug": "metal-housing-for-hydraulic-cartridge-valve",
     "name": "Metal Housing for Hydraulic Cartridge Valve",
     "raw": "sphc/sphe"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "family": "carbon",
   "grade": "SGCC",
   "standards": {
    "en": "",
    "uns": "",
    "jis": "SGCC",
    "gb": ""
   },
   "form": "Hot-dip galvanized coil",
   "process_fit": [
    "PS",
    "PR"
   ],
   "chemistry": {
    "C": "≤0.15"
   },
   "mechanical": {},
   "typical_parts": "Parts that need corrosion protection without painting",
   "limits": "Zinc coating is damaged by deep drawing; design for PS/PR",
   "page": "/materials/carbon-steel/"
  },
  {
   "family": "carbon",
   "grade": "SGCD",
   "standards": {
    "en": "",
    "uns": "",
    "jis": "SGCD",
    "gb": ""
   },
   "form": "Hot-dip galvanized coil",
   "process_fit": [
    "PS",
    "PR"
   ],
   "chemistry": {
    "C": "≤0.12"
   },
   "mechanical": {},
   "typical_parts": "Formed galvanized parts",
   "limits": "Coating limits draw depth",
   "page": "/materials/carbon-steel/"
  },
  {
   "family": "carbon",
   "grade": "SGHC",
   "standards": {
    "en": "",
    "uns": "",
    "jis": "SGHC",
    "gb": ""
   },
   "form": "Hot-dip galvanized coil",
   "process_fit": [
    "PS",
    "PR"
   ],
   "chemistry": {},
   "mechanical": {},
   "typical_parts": "Structural galvanized parts",
   "limits": "Structural grade, not a drawing grade",
   "page": "/materials/carbon-steel/"
  },
  {
   "family": "carbon",
   "grade": "GI",
   "standards": {
    "en": "",
    "uns": "",
    "jis": "",
    "gb": ""
   },
   "form": "Hot-dip galvanized coil",
   "process_fit": [
    "PS",
    "PR"
   ],
   "chemistry": {},
   "mechanical": {},
   "typical_parts": "Trays, covers, outdoor brackets",
   "limits": "Generic callout: confirm the actual standard and coating mass",
   "page": "/materials/carbon-steel/",
   "cases": [
    {
     "slug": "window-regulator-motor-housing",
     "name": "Window Regulator Motor Housing",
     "raw": "Galvanized steel sheet"
    },
    {
     "slug": "sliding-door-motor-housing",
     "name": "Sliding Door Motor Housing",
     "raw": "Galvanized steel sheet"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "family": "carbon",
   "grade": "SECC",
   "standards": {
    "en": "",
    "uns": "",
    "jis": "SECC",
    "gb": ""
   },
   "form": "Electro-galvanized coil",
   "process_fit": [
    "PS",
    "PR"
   ],
   "chemistry": {
    "C": "≤0.15"
   },
   "mechanical": {},
   "typical_parts": "Appliance and electronic housings",
   "limits": "Thin coating; not for outdoor exposure",
   "page": "/materials/carbon-steel/",
   "cases": [
    {
     "slug": "claw-pole-for-stepping-motor",
     "name": "Claw Pole for Stepping Motor",
     "raw": "SECC steel"
    },
    {
     "slug": "micro-claw-pole-for-pm-motor",
     "name": "Micro Claw Pole for PM Motor",
     "raw": "SECC steel"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "family": "carbon",
   "grade": "SECD",
   "standards": {
    "en": "",
    "uns": "",
    "jis": "SECD",
    "gb": ""
   },
   "form": "Electro-galvanized coil",
   "process_fit": [
    "PS",
    "PR"
   ],
   "chemistry": {
    "C": "≤0.12"
   },
   "mechanical": {},
   "typical_parts": "Formed electro-galvanized parts",
   "limits": "Coating limits draw depth",
   "page": "/materials/carbon-steel/"
  },
  {
   "family": "carbon",
   "grade": "SECE",
   "standards": {
    "en": "",
    "uns": "",
    "jis": "SECE",
    "gb": ""
   },
   "form": "Electro-galvanized coil",
   "process_fit": [
    "PS",
    "PR"
   ],
   "chemistry": {
    "C": "≤0.08"
   },
   "mechanical": {},
   "typical_parts": "Deeper electro-galvanized parts",
   "limits": "Confirm coating adhesion on the draw",
   "page": "/materials/carbon-steel/"
  },
  {
   "family": "carbon",
   "grade": "1045 / 45# / S45C",
   "standards": {
    "en": "",
    "uns": "AISI 1045",
    "jis": "S45C",
    "gb": "45"
   },
   "form": "Bar / strip",
   "process_fit": [
    "PR",
    "MC"
   ],
   "chemistry": {
    "C": "0.42–0.50",
    "Mn": "0.60–0.90"
   },
   "mechanical": {
    "Rm": "565–700 MPa (normalised)"
   },
   "typical_parts": "Shafts, pins, machined details",
   "limits": "Not a deep-drawing grade; heat treatment changes the properties",
   "page": "/materials/carbon-steel/",
   "cases": [
    {
     "slug": "valve-spring-seat",
     "name": "Valve Spring Seat",
     "raw": "AISI 1045 steel"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "family": "carbon",
   "grade": "Q195",
   "standards": {
    "en": "",
    "uns": "",
    "jis": "",
    "gb": "Q195"
   },
   "form": "Wire / strip",
   "process_fit": [
    "PS",
    "PR",
    "WD"
   ],
   "chemistry": {
    "C": "≤0.12",
    "Mn": "0.25–0.50"
   },
   "mechanical": {
    "Rm": "315–430 MPa"
   },
   "typical_parts": "Low-carbon general presswork",
   "limits": "Not a drawing grade",
   "page": "/materials/carbon-steel/"
  },
  {
   "family": "carbon",
   "grade": "1008",
   "standards": {
    "en": "",
    "uns": "AISI 1008",
    "jis": "",
    "gb": ""
   },
   "form": "Coil",
   "process_fit": [
    "DD",
    "PS",
    "PR",
    "WD"
   ],
   "chemistry": {
    "C": "≤0.10",
    "Mn": "0.30–0.50"
   },
   "mechanical": {
    "Rm": "≈340 MPa"
   },
   "typical_parts": "Magnetic housings, general stamping",
   "limits": "Good magnetic response; plating needed for corrosion",
   "page": "/materials/carbon-steel/",
   "cases": [
    {
     "slug": "metal-frame-for-open-frame-solenoids",
     "name": "Metal Frame for Open Frame Solenoids",
     "raw": "1008 CRS"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "family": "carbon",
   "grade": "1010",
   "standards": {
    "en": "",
    "uns": "AISI 1010",
    "jis": "",
    "gb": ""
   },
   "form": "Coil",
   "process_fit": [
    "DD",
    "PS",
    "PR",
    "WD"
   ],
   "chemistry": {
    "C": "0.08–0.13",
    "Mn": "0.30–0.60"
   },
   "mechanical": {
    "Rm": "≈365 MPa"
   },
   "typical_parts": "Slightly stronger general stamping",
   "limits": "Slightly lower formability than 1008",
   "page": "/materials/carbon-steel/"
  },
  {
   "family": "carbon",
   "grade": "1065",
   "standards": {
    "en": "",
    "uns": "AISI 1065",
    "jis": "",
    "gb": ""
   },
   "form": "Strip",
   "process_fit": [
    "PS",
    "PR"
   ],
   "chemistry": {
    "C": "0.60–0.70",
    "Mn": "0.60–0.90"
   },
   "mechanical": {},
   "typical_parts": "Springs and spring washers",
   "limits": "High carbon: no deep drawing, cracking risk at tight radii",
   "page": "/materials/carbon-steel/"
  },
  {
   "family": "carbon",
   "grade": "1070",
   "standards": {
    "en": "",
    "uns": "AISI 1070",
    "jis": "",
    "gb": ""
   },
   "form": "Strip",
   "process_fit": [
    "PS",
    "PR"
   ],
   "chemistry": {
    "C": "0.65–0.75",
    "Mn": "0.60–0.90"
   },
   "mechanical": {},
   "typical_parts": "Higher-strength spring parts",
   "limits": "Higher hardness and lower ductility than 1065",
   "page": "/materials/carbon-steel/"
  },
  {
   "family": "carbon",
   "grade": "65Mn",
   "standards": {
    "en": "",
    "uns": "",
    "jis": "",
    "gb": "65Mn"
   },
   "form": "Strip",
   "process_fit": [
    "PS",
    "PR"
   ],
   "chemistry": {
    "C": "0.62–0.70",
    "Mn": "0.90–1.20"
   },
   "mechanical": {},
   "typical_parts": "65Mn spring shims and lock plates",
   "limits": "Spring steel: specify temper and flatness, not just the grade",
   "page": "/materials/carbon-steel/",
   "cases": [
    {
     "slug": "65mn-spring-steel-shim-blanking",
     "name": "65Mn Spring Steel Shim Blanking",
     "raw": "65Mn spring steel"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "family": "carbon",
   "grade": "40Cr",
   "standards": {
    "en": "",
    "uns": "",
    "jis": "",
    "gb": "40Cr"
   },
   "form": "Bar",
   "process_fit": [
    "PR",
    "MC"
   ],
   "chemistry": {
    "C": "0.37–0.44",
    "Si": "0.17–0.37",
    "Mn": "0.50–0.80",
    "Cr": "0.80–1.10"
   },
   "mechanical": {
    "Rm": "≥980 MPa (Q&T)",
    "Rp0.2": "≥785 MPa",
    "A": "≥9%"
   },
   "typical_parts": "Camshaft signal plates, shafts and machined details",
   "limits": "Alloy steel, not a drawing grade; heat treatment decides the final properties",
   "page": "/materials/carbon-steel/",
   "cases": [
    {
     "slug": "camshaft-signal-plate",
     "name": "Camshaft Signal Plate",
     "raw": "40cr"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "family": "brass",
   "grade": "H59",
   "standards": {
    "en": "",
    "uns": "",
    "jis": "",
    "gb": "H59"
   },
   "form": "Strip / bar",
   "process_fit": [
    "DD",
    "PS",
    "MC"
   ],
   "chemistry": {
    "Cu": "59.0–62.0"
   },
   "mechanical": {
    "Rm": "≈300–400 MPa (annealed)",
    "A": "≥30%"
   },
   "typical_parts": "Cost-driven connectors and fittings",
   "limits": "Lower copper: lower ductility and corrosion resistance than H65",
   "page": "/materials/brass/"
  },
  {
   "family": "brass",
   "grade": "H62",
   "standards": {
    "en": "",
    "uns": "C26000",
    "jis": "C2600",
    "gb": "H62"
   },
   "form": "Strip / bar",
   "process_fit": [
    "DD",
    "PS",
    "MC"
   ],
   "chemistry": {
    "Cu": "60.5–63.5",
    "Pb": "≤0.07"
   },
   "mechanical": {
    "Rm": "≈300–400 MPa (annealed)",
    "A": "≥30%"
   },
   "typical_parts": "Sensor housings, connectors, turned parts",
   "limits": "Stress-corrosion cracking in ammonia environments; dezincification in warm chloride water",
   "page": "/materials/brass/",
   "cases": [
    {
     "slug": "brass-flat-washers-for-solenoid-valve",
     "name": "Brass Flat Washers for Solenoid Valve",
     "raw": "brass"
    },
    {
     "slug": "coolant-temperature-sensor-housing",
     "name": "Coolant Temperature Sensor Housing",
     "raw": "brass"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "family": "brass",
   "grade": "H65",
   "standards": {
    "en": "",
    "uns": "C26800",
    "jis": "C2680",
    "gb": "H65"
   },
   "form": "Strip / bar",
   "process_fit": [
    "DD",
    "PS",
    "MC"
   ],
   "chemistry": {
    "Cu": "63.5–68.0"
   },
   "mechanical": {
    "Rm": "≈300–400 MPa (annealed)",
    "A": "≥30%"
   },
   "typical_parts": "Deeper forming, threads, fittings",
   "limits": "Higher copper cost than H62",
   "page": "/materials/brass/"
  },
  {
   "family": "brass",
   "grade": "H70",
   "standards": {
    "en": "",
    "uns": "C26000 (near)",
    "jis": "C2600 (near)",
    "gb": "H70"
   },
   "form": "Strip / bar",
   "process_fit": [
    "DD",
    "PS",
    "MC"
   ],
   "chemistry": {
    "Cu": "68.0–71.0"
   },
   "mechanical": {
    "Rm": "≈280–380 MPa (annealed)",
    "A": "≥35%"
   },
   "typical_parts": "Higher-copper brass for conductivity",
   "limits": "Softer and more expensive; confirm the equivalent with the mill",
   "page": "/materials/brass/"
  },
  {
   "family": "copper",
   "grade": "T1",
   "standards": {
    "en": "",
    "uns": "C10200",
    "jis": "",
    "gb": "T1"
   },
   "form": "Strip",
   "process_fit": [
    "PS",
    "PR",
    "MC"
   ],
   "chemistry": {
    "Cu": "≥99.95"
   },
   "mechanical": {
    "Rm": "≈200–250 MPa (annealed)",
    "A": "≥30%"
   },
   "typical_parts": "High-conductivity terminals",
   "limits": "Soft; damage-prone in handling",
   "page": "/materials/copper/"
  },
  {
   "family": "copper",
   "grade": "T2",
   "standards": {
    "en": "",
    "uns": "C11000",
    "jis": "",
    "gb": "T2"
   },
   "form": "Strip",
   "process_fit": [
    "PS",
    "PR",
    "MC"
   ],
   "chemistry": {
    "Cu": "≥99.90",
    "O": "≈0.02–0.04"
   },
   "mechanical": {
    "Rm": "≈200–250 MPa (annealed)",
    "A": "≥30%"
   },
   "typical_parts": "General conductive parts",
   "limits": "Oxygen-bearing: hydrogen embrittlement risk in brazing or hydrogen annealing",
   "page": "/materials/copper/",
   "cases": [
    {
     "slug": "copper-coiled-tube-with-formed-straight-legs",
     "name": "Copper Coiled Tube with Formed Straight Legs",
     "raw": "Copper C1100"
    },
    {
     "slug": "coiled-tube-for-fluid-refrigerant-and-heat-exchange-lines",
     "name": "Copper Hairpin Bends for Fluid, Refrigerant and Heat-Exchange Lines",
     "raw": "Copper C1100"
    },
    {
     "slug": "copper-base-plate-for-igbt-modules",
     "name": "Copper Base Plate for IGBT Modules",
     "raw": "T2Y2 copper"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "family": "copper",
   "grade": "TU1",
   "standards": {
    "en": "",
    "uns": "C10200",
    "jis": "",
    "gb": "TU1"
   },
   "form": "Strip",
   "process_fit": [
    "PS",
    "PR",
    "MC"
   ],
   "chemistry": {
    "Cu": "≥99.95",
    "O": "≤0.001"
   },
   "mechanical": {
    "Rm": "≈200–250 MPa (annealed)",
    "A": "≥30%"
   },
   "typical_parts": "Brazed or hydrogen-fired assemblies",
   "limits": "Premium cost over T2",
   "page": "/materials/copper/"
  },
  {
   "family": "copper",
   "grade": "TU2",
   "standards": {
    "en": "",
    "uns": "C10200",
    "jis": "",
    "gb": "TU2"
   },
   "form": "Strip",
   "process_fit": [
    "PS",
    "PR",
    "MC"
   ],
   "chemistry": {
    "Cu": "≥99.95",
    "O": "≤0.001"
   },
   "mechanical": {},
   "typical_parts": "Vacuum and electronic components",
   "limits": "Confirm conductivity with the mill certificate",
   "page": "/materials/copper/"
  },
  {
   "family": "aluminum",
   "grade": "1060",
   "standards": {
    "en": "",
    "uns": "A91060",
    "jis": "A1060",
    "gb": "1060"
   },
   "form": "Sheet",
   "process_fit": [
    "DD",
    "PS",
    "PR"
   ],
   "chemistry": {
    "Al": "≥99.6"
   },
   "mechanical": {
    "Rm": "60–95 MPa (O)",
    "A": "≥25%"
   },
   "typical_parts": "Cosmetic shells, anodised covers",
   "limits": "Very soft: dents and marks in handling; low finished strength",
   "page": "/materials/aluminum/",
   "cases": [
    {
     "slug": "copper-coiled-tube-with-formed-straight-legs",
     "name": "Copper Coiled Tube with Formed Straight Legs",
     "raw": "Copper C1100"
    },
    {
     "slug": "coiled-tube-for-fluid-refrigerant-and-heat-exchange-lines",
     "name": "Copper Hairpin Bends for Fluid, Refrigerant and Heat-Exchange Lines",
     "raw": "Copper C1100"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "family": "aluminum",
   "grade": "3003",
   "standards": {
    "en": "",
    "uns": "A93003",
    "jis": "A3003",
    "gb": "3003"
   },
   "form": "Sheet",
   "process_fit": [
    "DD",
    "PS",
    "PR"
   ],
   "chemistry": {
    "Mn": "1.0–1.5",
    "Cu": "≤0.10"
   },
   "mechanical": {
    "Rm": "95–130 MPa (O)",
    "A": "≥20%"
   },
   "typical_parts": "Covers, housings, general drawn parts",
   "limits": "Less formable than 1060 as strength rises",
   "page": "/materials/aluminum/"
  },
  {
   "family": "aluminum",
   "grade": "5052",
   "standards": {
    "en": "",
    "uns": "A95052",
    "jis": "A5052",
    "gb": "5052"
   },
   "form": "Sheet",
   "process_fit": [
    "PS",
    "PR"
   ],
   "chemistry": {
    "Mg": "2.2–2.8",
    "Cr": "0.15–0.35"
   },
   "mechanical": {
    "Rm": "170–215 MPa (O)",
    "Rp0.2": "≥65 MPa",
    "A": "≥12%"
   },
   "typical_parts": "Structural housings, marine parts",
   "limits": "Limited deep drawing; higher springback",
   "page": "/materials/aluminum/",
   "cases": [
    {
     "slug": "aluminum-housing-for-automotive-pressure-sensor",
     "name": "Aluminum Housing for Automotive Pressure Sensor",
     "raw": "5052 aluminum"
    },
    {
     "slug": "aluminum-tube-of-deep-drawn-thin-walled",
     "name": "Aluminum Tube of Deep-drawn Thin-walled",
     "raw": "5052 aluminum"
    },
    {
     "slug": "d-ring-with-backing-plate",
     "name": "D Ring With Backing Plate",
     "raw": "Aluminium 5052"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "family": "aluminum",
   "grade": "5083",
   "standards": {
    "en": "",
    "uns": "A95083",
    "jis": "A5083",
    "gb": "5083"
   },
   "form": "Sheet",
   "process_fit": [
    "PS",
    "PR"
   ],
   "chemistry": {
    "Mg": "4.0–4.9",
    "Mn": "0.40–1.0"
   },
   "mechanical": {
    "Rm": "270–345 MPa (O)",
    "Rp0.2": "≥125 MPa",
    "A": "≥12%"
   },
   "typical_parts": "Higher-strength structural parts",
   "limits": "Poor deep drawing; weldable marine grade",
   "page": "/materials/aluminum/"
  },
  {
   "family": "aluminum",
   "grade": "6061",
   "standards": {
    "en": "",
    "uns": "A96061",
    "jis": "A6061",
    "gb": "6061"
   },
   "form": "Bar / sheet",
   "process_fit": [
    "MC",
    "PR"
   ],
   "chemistry": {
    "Mg": "0.8–1.2",
    "Si": "0.40–0.8"
   },
   "mechanical": {
    "Rm": "≥260 MPa (T6)",
    "Rp0.2": "≥240 MPa",
    "A": "≥8%"
   },
   "typical_parts": "Machined details, T6 parts",
   "limits": "Not a drawing grade",
   "page": "/materials/aluminum/",
   "cases": [
    {
     "slug": "duralumin-washer-for-valve-spring-retainer",
     "name": "Duralumin Washer for Valve Spring Retainer",
     "raw": "6061 duralumin (3 mm)"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "family": "aluminum",
   "grade": "6063",
   "standards": {
    "en": "",
    "uns": "A96063",
    "jis": "A6063",
    "gb": "6063"
   },
   "form": "Extrusion / bar",
   "process_fit": [
    "MC"
   ],
   "chemistry": {
    "Mg": "0.45–0.9",
    "Si": "0.20–0.6"
   },
   "mechanical": {
    "Rm": "≥205 MPa (T6)",
    "Rp0.2": "≥170 MPa",
    "A": "≥8%"
   },
   "typical_parts": "Extruded and machined profiles",
   "limits": "Extrusion grade; not for sheet forming",
   "page": "/materials/aluminum/"
  },
  {
   "family": "special",
   "grade": "Monel 400",
   "standards": {
    "en": "2.4360",
    "uns": "N04400",
    "jis": "NW4400",
    "gb": ""
   },
   "form": "Sheet / bar",
   "process_fit": [
    "MC",
    "PR"
   ],
   "chemistry": {
    "Ni": "63.0–70.0",
    "Cu": "28.0–34.0",
    "Fe": "≤2.5",
    "Mn": "≤2.0"
   },
   "mechanical": {
    "Rm": "≥550 MPa",
    "Rp0.2": "≥240 MPa",
    "A": "≥40%"
   },
   "typical_parts": "Seawater, HF acid, caustic service",
   "limits": "Work-hardens fast; not for strongly oxidising media such as concentrated nitric acid",
   "page": "/materials/monel-400/"
  },
  {
   "family": "special",
   "grade": "Inconel 625",
   "standards": {
    "en": "2.4856",
    "uns": "N06625",
    "jis": "NCF625",
    "gb": "GH3625"
   },
   "form": "Sheet / bar",
   "process_fit": [
    "MC",
    "PR"
   ],
   "chemistry": {
    "Ni": "≥58",
    "Cr": "20.0–23.0",
    "Mo": "8.0–10.0",
    "Nb": "3.15–4.15"
   },
   "mechanical": {
    "Rm": "≥830 MPa",
    "Rp0.2": "≥415 MPa",
    "A": "≥30%"
   },
   "typical_parts": "High temperature plus corrosion",
   "limits": "High tool wear and cost; forming needs qualification",
   "page": "/materials/special-alloys/"
  },
  {
   "family": "special",
   "grade": "Inconel 718",
   "standards": {
    "en": "2.4668",
    "uns": "N07718",
    "jis": "",
    "gb": "GH4169"
   },
   "form": "Bar",
   "process_fit": [
    "MC"
   ],
   "chemistry": {
    "Ni": "50.0–55.0",
    "Cr": "17.0–21.0",
    "Nb": "4.75–5.50",
    "Mo": "2.80–3.30"
   },
   "mechanical": {
    "Rm": "≥1240 MPa (aged)",
    "Rp0.2": "≥1030 MPa",
    "A": "≥12%"
   },
   "typical_parts": "High-strength high-temperature details",
   "limits": "Machining only in our process window; heat treatment controls properties",
   "page": "/materials/special-alloys/"
  },
  {
   "family": "special",
   "grade": "Hastelloy C276",
   "standards": {
    "en": "2.4819",
    "uns": "N10276",
    "jis": "",
    "gb": ""
   },
   "form": "Sheet / bar",
   "process_fit": [
    "MC",
    "PR"
   ],
   "chemistry": {
    "Ni": "balance",
    "Mo": "15.0–17.0",
    "Cr": "14.5–16.5",
    "Fe": "4.0–7.0",
    "W": "3.0–4.5"
   },
   "mechanical": {
    "Rm": "≥690 MPa",
    "Rp0.2": "≥283 MPa",
    "A": "≥40%"
   },
   "typical_parts": "Aggressive chemical media",
   "limits": "Expensive; forming and welding need procedure qualification",
   "page": "/materials/special-alloys/"
  },
  {
   "family": "special",
   "grade": "TA1",
   "standards": {
    "en": "",
    "uns": "R50250",
    "jis": "",
    "gb": "TA1"
   },
   "form": "Sheet",
   "process_fit": [
    "MC",
    "PR"
   ],
   "chemistry": {
    "Ti": "balance",
    "Fe": "≤0.20",
    "O": "≤0.18"
   },
   "mechanical": {
    "Rm": "≥240 MPa",
    "Rp0.2": "≥140 MPa",
    "A": "≥24%"
   },
   "typical_parts": "Corrosion-resistant light parts",
   "limits": "Cold drawing is difficult; galling risk in forming",
   "page": "/materials/special-alloys/"
  },
  {
   "family": "special",
   "grade": "TA2",
   "standards": {
    "en": "",
    "uns": "R50400",
    "jis": "",
    "gb": "TA2"
   },
   "form": "Sheet",
   "process_fit": [
    "MC",
    "PR"
   ],
   "chemistry": {
    "Ti": "balance",
    "Fe": "≤0.30",
    "O": "≤0.25"
   },
   "mechanical": {
    "Rm": "≥345 MPa",
    "Rp0.2": "≥275 MPa",
    "A": "≥20%"
   },
   "typical_parts": "Medical and chemical parts",
   "limits": "Needs warm forming for deeper shapes; tool wear",
   "page": "/materials/special-alloys/"
  },
  {
   "family": "special",
   "grade": "TC4",
   "standards": {
    "en": "",
    "uns": "R56400",
    "jis": "",
    "gb": "TC4"
   },
   "form": "Bar",
   "process_fit": [
    "MC"
   ],
   "chemistry": {
    "Ti": "balance",
    "Al": "5.5–6.75",
    "V": "3.5–4.5"
   },
   "mechanical": {
    "Rm": "≥895 MPa",
    "Rp0.2": "≥828 MPa",
    "A": "≥10%"
   },
   "typical_parts": "High-strength lightweight details",
   "limits": "Machining grade in our window; not a sheet-forming grade",
   "page": "/materials/special-alloys/"
  },
  {
   "family": "special",
   "grade": "DT4E",
   "standards": {
    "en": "",
    "uns": "",
    "jis": "",
    "gb": "DT4E"
   },
   "form": "Sheet",
   "process_fit": [
    "DD",
    "PS",
    "PR"
   ],
   "chemistry": {
    "C": "≤0.025",
    "Si": "≤0.15",
    "Mn": "≤0.20",
    "P": "≤0.015",
    "S": "≤0.015"
   },
   "mechanical": {
    "Rm": "≈250–350 MPa (annealed)",
    "Rp0.2": "≥120 MPa",
    "A": "≥35%"
   },
   "typical_parts": "Solenoid valve housings and magnetic circuits",
   "limits": "Very soft and easily dented; annealing after forming controls coercivity and permeability",
   "page": "/materials/special-alloys/",
   "cases": [
    {
     "slug": "solenoid-valve-housing-for-air-suspension",
     "name": "Solenoid Valve Housing for Air Suspension",
     "raw": "DT4E pure iron"
    },
    {
     "slug": "stamped-metal-brackets-for-date-printer-gun",
     "name": "Stamped Metal Brackets for Date Printer Gun",
     "raw": "pure iron (dt4/dt4a/dt4e/dt4c)"
    },
    {
     "slug": "solenoid-valve-magnetic-housing",
     "name": "Solenoid Valve Magnetic Housing",
     "raw": "DT4E pure iron"
    }
   ]
  }
 ],
 "cases_attached_to_grades": 18
}